History of Economic Thought Essay

(1) In the article of Allen et al. â€Å"The Foundations of Free Enterprise,† the three types of economic system were discussed. In a traditional economic system, the allocation of resources is based on social customs, culture, and to some extent, religious traditions. The distribution of the fruits of production is dictated by traditional criteria such as age, sex, and other individual qualities that are not essentially related to personal productivity. Primitive, agrarian, and less-developed societies mostly fall on this category. Many traditional economies progressed into a market economic system, wherein the allocation of resources is controlled by private individuals and businesses. The individuals make independent decisions that reflect their best interest, affecting the market demand, product supply, the price of products, and the kinds of goods and services produced. Business competition could be tight, causing some businesses to close down and unemployment to rise. Meanwhile, the government has only minimal control over the individual and business decisions, interfering only when needed. This often results in unequal distribution of resources, which causes poverty to emerge. Conversely, in a command or authoritative economic system, the allocation of resources is directed by the government. The government operates all the industries, determines what goods and services to be produced, how they will be to produced, how they will be divided among the people, and decides how to utilize the talents and skills of its workers. Hence, equal distribution of resources is enforced at the expense of individual freedom. 2) The Quantity Theory of Money (QTM) was developed during the 16th century in an attempt to explain why gold and silver inflow into the U. S. and Europe caused the price levels to increase. Schenk, in his article on money, reports that after minting the large amounts of gold and silver from the Aztec and Incan empires which were brought back to Spain by the conquistadors, the amount of money in circulation went up. The price levels, at the same time, gradually started their slow, century-long rise. Economists such as Henry Thornton were led to assume that â€Å"more money equals more inflation and an increase in money supply does not necessarily mean an increase in economic output† (cited in the article of Heakal on What is the Quantity Theory of Money). Thus, a direct relationship was established between the quantity of money in an economy and the price levels of goods and services. For instance, when the amount of money in circulation doubles, price levels also double, which causes inflation, i. e. the rate at which the price level escalates. This means that the consumer pays twice as much for the same amount of the good or service. (3) Christianity taught faith in reason as the greatest gift of God to man. This stimulated the pursuit of science and democratic practice which gave rise to capitalism. Christian theologians also theorized about the nature of equality and individual rights, which is a feature of capitalism. Christianity also fostered actual progress in ter ms of technical and organizational innovations. During the medieval times, the church was the largest landowner in Europe, and much of the profit went to the religious orders to pay for liturgical services. The rapid innovation in agricultural technology yielded large profits, causing the church to reinvest profits to increase production and diversified. It also led the church to hire more labor force. Hence, based on this information, it is safe to conclude that the church has largely contributed to the rise of capitalism during the medieval period (Stark, B11).

Cause of homelessness

Homelessness in Australia can be defined in three categories; ‘Primary homelessness’ which is experienced by people without conventional accommodation, ‘Secondary homelessness’ is experienced by people who frequently move from one temporary shelter to another and ‘Tertiary homelessness’ which is experienced by people staying in accommodation that falls below minimum community standards. The first stimuli picture shows a person who is living though primary homelessness, living on the streets with only a few blankets to sleep with. Homeless people generally feel embarrassed, isolated and depressed; they are also cold, hungry and become lonely. They usually need medical attention, medications, blanket, clothing and in need of a friendship. In Australia there are 105, 237 people affected by homelessness and 27% of them are under 18. There are 59% of them either living in overcrowded dwelling or supported accommodation and the other 41% are living on the streets or in boarding houses specify designed for the homeless. There are many causes that lead to homelessness in Australia, some of which include; long term unemployment, shortage of affordable rental housing, poverty, mental illness and the exiting of state care or prison. Domestic violence is the largest cause of homelessness in Australia. Homelessness can also be caused by family breakdown, sexual assault, drug and alcohol addictions, gambling and social isolation. Some people especially adolescences are homeless because they were kicked out of home, have a lack of education or were abandoned by their family and friends. Homelessness usually results in being away from family, friends and the rest of the community so it is difficult to maintain school or further study which leads to them being vulnerable to long term unemployment and chronic ill-health. Homeless Australians are often excluded from participating in social, recreational, cultural and economic opportunities. All of these present factors of homelessness led to people having depression, poor nutrition, poor dental health, substance abuse, mental health issues and may even results in suicide. Children who experience homelessness are more likely to become homeless as adults and raise families who, in turn, may also become homeless. The causes and consequences of homelessness are also talked about throughout the New and Old Testament. Showing us that over time, the injustice of homelessness has not changed, we are still fighting the same battles. In the bible passage by Isaiah (58:7) in the Old Testament he writes, â€Å"Is it not to share your food with the hungry and to provide the poor wanderer with shelter when you see the naked, to clothe them and not to turn away from your own flesh and blood? † The injustice issue of homelessness is discussed in this passage; it explains that to be a true catholic means sharing and giving to the poor and not to turn away from them just because they are without homes. The second bible passage that relates to homelessness is a passage from Matthew (8:20) in the New Testament, where he writes â€Å"Jesus replied, â€Å"Foxes have dens and birds have nests, but the Son of Man has no place to lay his head. † Matthew is telling us that Jesus was comparing animals having homes to people having none and how that is unfair. Both scripture references relate to the issue of homelessness in contemporary society as people are still being sent to the streets while animals are being put in homes and people are still looking down on the homeless and not fulfilling their roles as Catholics. Also both scripture reference relate to the beatitude â€Å"Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth, which means bless the poor (homeless) as they are a part of the earth. As well as homelessness issues being discussed in the bible, we as Catholics also learn about homelessness from the catholic social teaching. Catholic Social Teaching, are the teachings of the Church on social justice issues. One of the Catholic Social Teaching is ‘Human Dignity Human Rights’ teaching. The concept of Human Dignity is the main concern of Catholics thinking about human rights. The Catholic Church believes that each person is created in the image and likeness of God and is therefore equal in dignity and equal rights. Human dignity is absolute: a person does not ever lose their dignity, example; from being in poverty. Respecting ones dignity implies that the individual has access to the basic necessities of life which enable them to live humanly, which homeless people do not, as in most cases they are living in rough conditions (e.  g. on the street with no shelter). Papal social teaching refers to the teachings of the Popes throughout history that have dealt with the social issues of human life. The Papal teaching by Pope John XXIII in 1961demonstated Catholic’s views on human dignity and human rights, this is stated when he wrote, â€Å"The amount a worker receives must be sufficient, in proportion to available funds, to allow him and his family a standard of living consistent with human dignity. † This can be evident though the reaching out to those in need e. g. The homeless and giving employees a sufficient pay to be able to live a for filled life. Another of the Catholic Social Teaching is ‘The Common good’ teaching, it tells us that the rights and needs of others, individuals and the community must be balanced with the common good and always respected. The Papal teaching written by Pope John Paul II In 1990 discusses the Common good, when it states, â€Å"this love of preference for the poor, and the decisions which it inspires in us, cannot but embrace the immense multitudes of the hungry, the homeless†. This could be demonstrated by caring for the homeless and by showing the homeless that we can help them and that we respect them. One catholic organisation working to solve the issue of homelessness in Australia is St. Vincent De Paul. One catholic organisation working with injustices such as homelessness, in Australia is St. Vincent de Paul and its ‘Matthew Talbot Homeless Services’. Its aims include, being strongly committed to a range of issues that put men, women and families at risk of homelessness. Its activities include; having13 services for single homeless men including the Matthew Talbot hostel and outreach services in the inner city. The hostel caters for 100 men each night, has 80 outreach beds and help for those with mental health issues. The service also has special initiatives for women and children and up to 20 families who are escaping domestic violence and / or homelessness. The service is committed to helping those who are homeless, addressing issues of alcohol and other drug usage and to breaking the cycle of homelessness and domestic violence. The Matthew Talbot Homeless Service achieves their goals for helping the homeless though their activities and projects. Homelessness is a major social injustice in contemporary Australian society, The Scripture references, Social Catholic Teachings and Papal teachings also show that homelessness has been an issue for Catholics thought history and though the help of Catholic organisations the issue of homelessness is being fought and will hopefully one day is won. ESSAY TWO A well know catholic figure that is actively engaged in social justice issues in Australia is Father Chris Riley. Social justice refers to the formation of a just society, where justice refers to more than just the administration of laws, it is the idea of a society in which all individuals and groups are treated fairly and equally. Issues with social justice refer to when individuals or groups are not being treating with the same basic human rights as someone else, e. g. people who are homeless or in poverty. Father Chris Riley is a priest who has devoted his life to working with social injustice issues such as homelessness. Father Chris Riley (Riley) grew up in Victoria and at the age of 14 decided that he wanted to work with homeless young people. He was influenced by the 1938 movie Boys Town, which was loosely based on the work of Father Edward Flanagan. Straight from school Riley joined the Salesian religious order to become a Catholic priest and after graduating as a teacher and taking his vows, he worked for two years with the Boy’s Town charity in Sydney. While working at a school in Sydney later on in life, he saw one of the students crying in the freezing rain, this led him to working with that student and many other homeless people. This resulted in Father Chris Riley setting up the Youth of the Streets to help the chronically homeless, a highly successful organisation that has become known worldwide. Father Chris Riley is the founder and CEO of the organization dedicated to helping young Australians in trouble for the past 35 years. As CEO of Youth Off The Streets, Father Riley oversees the operation of over 35 programs that employ over 180 staff and involve more than 250 volunteers. He has also implemented innovative behaviour strategies to help young people deal with a history of trauma, abuse and neglect. Youth Off the Streets first started with a single food van run by Riley, delivering meals to young homeless people on the street of Kings Cross, now the organisation is running four high school crisis accommodation, rehabilitation facilities, counselling and parenting programs in New South Wales. His work as a priest and a principle at Boys Town High in Sydney led him to pursue the work he is achieving now and without that experience Father Chris Riley would not be working with youth who are faced with social justice issues. Riley now spends hours on the road driving to different charities and organizations and working with the social injustice of homelessness on a day to day basis. Getting released from Boy’s Town school to work on the streets with homeless youth with one van, it’s believe that there is no such thing as a child born bad, it is only bad circumstances, bad environments such as violent household or broken families that consequently led to bad choices made by the child, that has made him so successful. Social injustice is when individuals or groups are not being treating with the same basic human rights as someone else. An Australian Catholic figure, Father Chris Riley works with social justice issues such as homelessness, though his organisation Youth Off The Streets. His religious identity and life experiences led him to work in this area. His passion and strong believe in what’s right has meant that he has successfully helped thousands of people rehabilitate and go on to lead a happy and fulfilling life.

Pleaes .Requires.Overview.Paraphrase..rewrttin Essay

Pleaes .Requires.Overview.Paraphrase..rewrttin - Essay Example Medical imaging involving ionizing radiation uses x-rays and gamma rays. As the ionizing radiation passes through the body, it is differentially absorbed by tissues of greater thickness, causing ionization of tissue atoms making them chemically reactive and potentially capable of cell damage (Yale 2011). This raises concern over the frequent use of ionising radiation in medical imaging, and the associated risks to human health. Exposure to ionizing radiation is of concern because evidence has linked exposure to low-level ionizing radiation at doses used in medical imaging to the development of cancer. The National Academy of Sciences’ National Research Council comprehensively reviewed biological and epidemiological data related to health risks from exposure to ionizing radiation, recently published as the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR) VII Phase 2 report. The epidemiologic data described atomic bomb survivors, populations who lived near nuclear facilities duri ng accidental releases of radioactive materials such as Chernobyl, workers with occupational exposures, and populations who received exposures from diagnostic and therapeutic medical studies. Radiation doses associated with commonly used CT examinations resemble doses received by individuals in whom an increased risk of cancer was documented. For example, an increased risk of cancer has been identified among long-term survivors of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombs, who received exposures of 10 to 100 milli-sieverts (mSv). A single CT scan can deliver an equivalent radiation exposure, and patients may receive multiple CT scans over time. (Smith-Bindman et al 2009) Risks involved in the use of Ionizing radiation Since the finding of the first solid tumour that resulted from the effects of ionizing radiation, protection from ionizing radiation used in medical procedures has become a vital issue, particularly in view of the dramatic increase in the number medical procedures involv ing its use (Davros et al 2007). Because of the public uproar over radiation protection, an International Commission for Radiation Protection was established in 1928. "The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) estimates that the average person has an approximately 4-5% increased relative risk of fatal cancer after a whole-body dose of 1 Sv. However, other studies on multiple cohorts of radiation workers have largely failed to establish statistically significant cancer risks. When multiple occupational cohorts were combined and evaluated in a somewhat systematic way, a combined excess relative risk of cancer death of just less than 1% was estimated" (Cardis et al 2005). During the 1950s and 1960s, there were an increasing number of indicators that ionizing radiation was dangerous to humans. Experimentation using X-rays on animals, particularly rats, have linked ionizing radiation exposure to impending death, even at low levels. It has been proved that high and mo re frequent doses of radiation pose greater risks to the patient, causing, for example, skin erythema and other kinds of irritations (Egbe et al 2009). Other side-effects of ionizing radiation include dizziness, nausea, and light headedness. Risks associated with radiation exposure in hepato-biliary scans are quite high. In a study by McCollough et al (2009) it was found that in many cases, the onset of cancer was linked to the area frequently exposed to x-rays. Other studies suggest that

The Impact of Using Multimedia in an Online Learning Setting for Essay

The Impact of Using Multimedia in an Online Learning Setting for College Students - Essay Example The fast improvement of modern technology has resulted in a profound change in how people live their lives now, thus, making it a part of their lives as it delivers the latest and the advanced information. In the educational field, technology’s fast progression makes efficiency and effectiveness more demanding as the identification of what works best is the number one priority; educators need to identify which particular technology will improve and develop the learner’s acquired knowledge. It is necessary to determine the impact of technology on learning for at this point in time, learning does not just happen in the four walls of classroom; it has moved to another phase, online. Technology plays a significant role in the educational world as it creates opportunities for both the learners and the educators, and those opportunities have become the educational field’s target in order to attain quality learning. For instance, technology acts as the medium to access multimedia content that is rich, to offer online learning, to avail the devices that can be outsourced from the use of Internet, to experience the social networking that gives avenue to knowledge, and to use websites for a more developmental education. Sankey, Birch, and Gardiner (2011) stated that educational technology and its modernization have come to give meaningful opportunities for teachers, especially for online teachers, to create an improved, stimulating, and more wide-ranging curriculum. Now, technology is inevitably a part of the learning process to achieve the learning goals. It is now expected to be the source of information that can be an important factor in the learning process. However, the use of technology also presents a challenging scenario. For example, making decisions on the kind of technological tools that will be used is not just a

Historical accuracies and inaccuracies of the William Wallace From the Essay

Historical accuracies and inaccuracies of the William Wallace From the movie Braveheart - Essay Example The movie portrays the life of William Wallace. The film premiered in July 1995 and became a spontaneous Box office success. As a film, the developers of the film employed specific film production techniques in order to earn it the reception it acquired soon after its release (Brown, 2007). The film portrayed the Scottish warrior in different perspectives often omitting some fundamental features of his life in an attempt of earning the film an appropriate adaptation. As a brave Scottish warrior, William Wallace led the scots against their first war of independence against the oppressive King Edward the first. The producers set the film in an early Scottish society, it is 1920 and King Edward the first invades Scotland soon after the death of Alexandra the third of Scotland. In the invasion, Wallace witnesses the Longshanks commit atrocities in the inversion. He survives the murder to his mother father and brothers and therefore travels to Rome with the help of his uncle Argyle. After several years, Wallace returns to Scotland as a young man and immediately falls in love with his childhood friend, Murron MacClannough. However, the society is different following the application of King Edward’s selfish legislations (McArthur, 2003). Among the most controversial of the legislations is that granting the English Lord the authority to have sexual relations with all the women in the kingdom on the eve of their wedding night. In oorder to avoid the king sleeping with his fiancee, Wallace and Murron marry in secrecy. Later, Wallace rescues Murron from eminent rape by English soldiers. The soldiers arrest and execute Murron in public. In a revenge attack, Wallace attacks and kills English soldiers. The following is a series of conflicts between Wallace and the English authorities as Edward orders his son Edward the second to use every means possible to stop Wallace. Even in death, Wallace maintains a bold personality and refuses to beg for mercy from the English a uthorities. While facing a public execution, the magistrate pleads with Wallace to beg for mercy from the government and therefore have a quick and painless life. Instead of begging for his life, Wallace shouts freedom to the jubilation of the Scottish people who view him as a hero. As the film ends, a setting in the 1934 Scotland, Robert who is now the king of Scotland leads his army into a fight against the English in the memory of Wallace. The war finds the English unprepared and the scots earn their first freedom from the English rule. The developers of the film employ various film production features including both the setting and the plot in order to earn the story relevance from its contemporary audience. In doing this, the developers either omitted or added specific details to both the characters and the actions. In doing so, the producers foster some accuracies and inaccuracies about Wallace’s life and the society in which he lived. Key among the lacking details in t he film is his background. The producers of the film provide a brief recap of his childhood. The film begins with the English inversion of Scotland with the young Wallace witnessing the murder of his parents and the atrocities the English lord commits. Such are scanty details that do not help build an effective understanding of the legendary Sir William Wallace. However, the scanty details are in line with the information known about his family, Wallace came from a less noble family. Historians do not provide a detailed information about his family. Blind Harry in his poem posits that Wallace’s father was known as Sir Malcom of Elderslie. The discovery of a letter written by Wallace himself and contained his seal provides Wallace’

Medical data standards Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Medical data standards - Research Paper Example Through various tools that were developed by the team for the content specifications, it was possible to implement the project. This project enhanced interoperability in health care organizations, which amplified information on health technology. The article has outlined that, it is extremely important to introduce interoperability in health care institutions since the lack of it has prevented access and exchange of data. Therefore, one advantage of this system that was developed is that; it has reduced costs of operating health institutions; it has enhanced efficiency and proficiency in managing health care facilities; and has ensured that services being offered at these centers are of high quality. The article has further asserted that, as a result of the new information system, electronic health records (EHR) have been improved in the sense that, it is now possible to display all data belonging to patients. However, the article has outlined that, even though interoperability is being applied in health care settings, more research is still being done on more efficient systems so that various shortcomings on data handling in health care settings can be addressed. There are various pragmatic and policy efforts that are being put into place so that the development of interoperability capabilities can be accelerated for the good of health care facilities. As part of the article, the authors have outlined the structure of the NHIN trial implementations Project and its objectives. Objectives of this project were to enhance health information exchange among many organizations. The authors have described the whole project by outlining project specifications and how the project team worked so that success would be realized. The article has also outlined various lessons learned from the project and how these assisted the efficient exchange of data between various health care systems. From this, the article has identified

Elements of Marketing Mix Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Elements of Marketing Mix - Coursework Example According to the findings, it can, therefore, be said that each and every firm endeavor to set up a mix of the 4 Ps, that they can achieve the highest level of customer satisfaction, alongside achieving objectives set by the organization (Baker and Hart, 2008). Therefore, the mix is prepared to keep in mind the needs and requirements of potential target customers. The mix typically varies from organization to organization, depending upon resources available to them as well as their organizational objectives (Adcock, Halborg and Ross, 2001; Baker, 1991). The following sections will involve an in-depth analysis of the four elements of the marketing mix. The final section will be the conclusion, which will explain the element that is more important.  The product basically refers to the goods and services delivered by an organization. They are basically purchased because they satisfy single or multiple needs of individuals. Customers pay not for the tangible product, but for benefits t hat are associated with it. To put it simply, products can be referred to as a package of benefits, that marketer offers to its customers for a predefined price. For example, while buying a pair of shoes, an individual is actually paying for the comfort that shoes will provide. While buying a lipstick, a consumer mainly pays for the beauty, which is associated with applying such cosmetics. Products can also come in the form of services that are provided to consumers, such as, air travel, telecommunication and so on and so forth. Aside from physical products, there are certain elements that customers may be attracted to; for example, the way it is packaged.