The Argument About Mockingbird Essay Topics

The Argument About Mockingbird Essay Topics You have to know all facets of financial topics as soon as you choose them. A student ought to keep in contact with the hottest trends and know which persuasive essay topics are related to sound convincing in regards to defending personal opinions. Obviously, topics which are still relevant in 2018 are the very best. Possessing very good research abilities and selecting an excellent topic is important. The goal of brainstorming is to aid you in getting ideas. Any idea can prove to be a good foundation for a topic. Another good idea is to receive some completely free essay examples of different sorts and on various subjects to find a general idea of the way in which a prosperous debatable paper looks. Mockingbird Essay Topics and Mockingbird Essay Topics - The Perfect Combination Good persuasive essay topics need to be persuasive. Weave in your perspective to create your essay unique. If you're thinking about how to compose a persuasive essay, you should know that writing an essay is a complicated procedure. Always remember a great persuasive essay needs to be persuasive. It will be simpler that you compose a superior persuasive essay if it's a subject in which you have knowledge. Qualities of a great persuasive essay topic The topic needs to be specific. Take notes concerning all possible topics you'll be able to consider. There are a lot of intriguing topics that could be become a persuasive essay if you take the opportunity to think about doing it. Drugs have to be illegal all around the world. Freedom of choice is wonderful. Problems connected with drugs are somewhat contradictive. For a student in the center school the typical topics are linked to science and history. There are several persuasive essay topics to pick from to finish your high school or college assignment. Before students begin to write, it is a very good idea for them to earn a list of the points they would like to make to their readers. Many students think that it is a waste of time. Here's What I Know About Mockingbird Essay Topics There are just a few things that define whether an essay you're working on is going to be a good one. At precisely the same time, it's a terrific persuasive essay idea. After you settle on this issue and select the position on which you will base your essay, the remainder of the job can then begin. You may trust us to offer expert aid for many of your academic writing needs. The big distinction is that the argumentative essay should demonstrate a discussion instead of a single opinion. Still, figuring out the very best topic for your essay isn't your only concern for a student. Persuasive essays are a fantastic method to encourage the reader to check at a particular topic in a different light. So, the best method to compose an excellent persuasive essay is to locate a theme you're familiarized with and wish to share your experience with the reader. Textbooks are obsolete and must be replaced by iPads. Students are accustomed to the simple fact which their professors give them with the assignment's topic. The teachers don't always assign the specific topic. A survival program should develop into a must-have for each family in the event of natural disasters. There are positive and negative people. Many people wind up covering the very same tired topics they see in the media every day, only because they can't produce a better idea. All people ou ght to be permitted to receive free high education. An argumentative paper is part of the persuasion. If nobody knows the way to write or read cursive handwriting, the shape of communication is going to be lost, some believe. It's highly recommended that you just pick the topic that you are able to deal with, for instance, if you're not t sketching the personality characteristics then you need to better not elect for it. The absolute most important part is your wisdom and comprehension. Prior exposure or knowledge about a specific subject provides better hindsight which may bring much better arguments on the issue. You need to set up facts, possess the confidence and demonstrate the crystal clear evidence of your private viewpoint to certain phenomenon. Demonstrate or give examples to produce the audience understand the way that it works and the way that it solves the issue. How to Get Started with Mockingbird Essay Topics? Therefore, you've got to discover enough substan tial evidence for the specific topic. The subject can be associated with science or literature. Even if you think in a specific argument very strongly, if you lack the evidence to demonstrate your point, then your argument might just be as great as lost. Normally, having three important arguments to demonstrate your point is sufficient for a convincing paper.

Research Paper on the Effects of Mass Media on the Perfect...

How can you determine what body image should be? The desire for the perfect body has been prevalent throughout society for a vast majority of time. What makes teenage girls feel the need to strive for this â€Å"perfect body†? Some have asked, â€Å"†¦a rapidly growing body of research addresses the question of whether body perfect ideals in the mass media are a core risk factor for negative body image, particularly in women† (Dittmar, Helga) My hypothesis is â€Å"Does the media influence adolescent girl’s weight concerns and their perceptions of body weight and shape?† The media in many aspects controls the way that people see themselves and the way they do things. So with teenagers striving to look like what they see in the media some of them go†¦show more content†¦So in my research I will test girls from the ages of 13-19 from high school and college. I will give them surveys that will ask how much media they are exposed to. With quest ions that see if they are watching TV shows like 90210, or Melrose Place and magazines such as Seventeen, and Cosmopolitan. Then the girls can then be split into two groups; Group 1 with the girls that are exposed to little forms of media, and Group 2 with girls that are exposed to many forms of media. They then will be given another survey that will ask how much they weigh, how they see themselves, and what type of body image they desire. Body-image is being measured by the â€Å"conceptualized as a multidimensional construct that represents how individuals think, feel, and behave with regard to their own physical attributes (Morrison , Kalin) If Group1, the group with little exposure to media, has a normal body perception and doesn’t desire a skinnier body image in contrast to Group 2. Where Group 2, the group an immense exposure to media, has poor body perceptions and desires a skinner body. The conclusion then can be made that the amount of media exposure has an influen ce on body image and perception. There are many challenges that can come up during research on the â€Å"perfect body† image. SomeShow MoreRelatedMedia s Impact On Media Consumption Essay1729 Words   |  7 Pagesaccess an infinite amount of resources on the internet, 24 hours a day 7 days a week (XXXX). The rapid technological advancements has shifted the consumption of media from television, magazines and billboards to online digital media channels accessed via mobile devices, creating a ‘bedroom culture’ (Sumner, 2016) for many. The shift in media consumption has particularly been induced by the emergence of Social Networking Sites as well as other online platforms, which have become an integral part ofRead MoreMass Media Effects on Women1721 Words   |  7 Pages2012 Mass media Effects on women Advertisement put adverse impact on women’s these could be internal or external. Internally when women watch ideal or thin images of models in advertisement then they feel very unattractive compare to the models in commercials. They feel lower self-esteem and self-concept in them and it generates anxiety or depression in women. According to article† negative body image is associated with poor self-esteem, anxiety aboutRead More Body Image Essay1153 Words   |  5 Pagesthe image, along with the subtopics â€Å"Magic Moves that Work Your Whole Core,† â€Å"Superfoods for a Sexy Stomach,† and â€Å"4 Ab Mistakes Everyone Makes.† It is no secret that modern American culture gives great importance to body image, namely to having a â€Å"perfect† physique, although a vast majority of the population is far from attaining said physique. I struggled for years to â€Å"make peace† with my own body and obtain a positive body image, hence why I have chosen to research body image and the media, focusingRead MoreHow Does The Media Affect Male Body Image?874 Words   |  4 PagesExploratory Analysis: How Does The Media Effect Male Body Image? Today in modern society, we are driven by social forces. Not only do we strive for human approval and companionship, we also thrive on social media. The media plays such a pivotal role in what we buy, eat, wear, etc. that we are conditioning ourselves to fit the mold for the â€Å"perfect† or â€Å"ideal† body type. This social construct has been a pressing issue for many years regarding the female physique, but not as much has been said onRead MoreHow Media Images Promote Body Dissatisfaction1364 Words   |  6 Pagespeople in modern culture have developed what has been termed a normative discontent with their bodies. Women are particularly vulnerable to this development of body dissatisfaction, which has been shown to create numerous negative heath issues. These health issues are a direct result from trying to achieve the unrealistic ideal image that media has created. This idea on how the body should look floods modern media and women are discriminated upon if they are unable to meet these strict physical requirementsRead MoreFrom The Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison951 Words   |  4 Pagesideas, such as why were dolls made and why does society want girls to play with dolls? A larger question that the story raises is whether or not there is negative or positive effects on girls who play with dolls. Dolls have been around for a long time, but no one knows how dolls were created or their main purpose. Some research found that Barbie were created for various reasons. In addition, dolls also started many controversies among parents and scientists. There have been various studies conductedRead MoreEssay Just A little Gay1629 Words   |  7 Pagesshifted their rhetoric to include a focus on non-heterosexual identities, working toward normalizing these within the mass consumer audience. Yet these campaigns propagate representations that are not entirely consistent with how members of non-heterosexual communities identify and define themselves. In this paper, I will argue that mainstream advertising campaigns work to shift the mass consumer audiences perception of non-heterosexual identities from one that is stigmatized to one that is inherentlyRead MoreSocietal Expectations And Media Influences Of Body Image Essay1769 Words   |  8 PagesExpectations and Media Influences of Body I mage Numerous studies have been conducted on the various aspects of the impact and societal expectations held by north America and the impacts that it has on today’s youth. Body Image is a picture or mental image of your own body and how you view it.However, during my research process, there were very few sources that supported the media’s projection of body image. As we explore all the aspects of what body image really is and what impact may the media play inRead MorePositive And Negative Effects Of Mass Media1578 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The concept behind mass media dates back to the ancient times of when the Egyptians first perfected the hieroglyphics writing system. This moment would mark the day that our lives would change for centuries to come. Innovating its original form, as years progressed, humans have made this powerful tool so widespread that it is a necessity for living in the modern times. As a result of such widespread, the term mass media refers to everyday things like newspapers, television, the internetRead MoreHow American Society And Culture Influence Eating Disorders1193 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican society, we are all about body image. The media has promoted a certain type of body in which almost everyone feels they must have in order to fit in and be accepted. Unfortunately, this mentality leads to eating disorders. What most people fail to realize is that not everyone is meant to have the specific body type that is constantly being thrown at us. The media does things such as suggest new die ts and diet pills, use the same exact stick-figure body shape in ads, and continuously fat

Sociology of Hiphop free essay sample

Hip hop itself is a hustle and rappers have used it as a legitimate mean to make money and to establish a Black economic power in a mainstream society (Garner, 2009). This being said, hustling was rooted in the poor urban communities of the united States and was a viable alternative for those reprimanded by the oppression exerted from the White America. Hip Hop was their voice, and through this art each artists has engaged the Image of the black hustler into their music at deferent point of time, but their various ways of representing hustling in their situational setting share a common standpoint and background.Hustling was the response of the harsh realities endured by the African Americans and other group of minorities In the United States beginning in the mid ass (Garner, 2009). They were living in poor living conditions and were faced with racism, discrimination, poor economic resources, decreased opportunity and struggled to get their rights heard. Hustling was a cool pose which they adopted as a way to cope with the restrictive effects of their environment. The process of hustling implied a series of coping mechanisms through the adoption of behaviors, attributes and lifestyles to accommodate, ultimate ones manhood and to assure their survival. Those mechanisms adopted from Individuals living In poor communities were more or less against the values and norms of the mainstream society in which they were embedded. In fact, the hustler operated outside of the mainstreams moral correctness and constitute but not limited to the drug dealers, the pimps and the gangsters (Garner, 2009).Perhaps, the tragic trinity of hustling reinforced the stereotypes of the African American as drug dealers, pimps, gangsters and prostitutes by not leaving room for other types of hustling perceived as being more legitimate. It implies the criminal lifestyle adopted by a number of disadvantaged African Americans as a mean to make money and to rid them from their economic hardship. This over generalization of hustling is supported since rappers themselves glorify this lifestyles which In turn Is mimic by the vulnerable Black population.One of the first rappers to have put the society off guard and to violate its moral correctness through his offensive and explicit lyrics is Ice Cube (Garner, 2009). Growing up in the ass In South Central where there was an over unemployment amongst black males because of thousands of manufacturing bobs lost due to the economic crisis, the only way to escape this reality was by joining a gang, selling drugs or joining the music industry (Canton, 2006). Along with some friends from the ghetto he formed the group NNW.A track from the former group titled Gangs Gangs, details the trajectory of the hustling life of disadvantage Black African American: Heres a little something bout a Amiga like me Never should been let out the penitentiary Ice Cube would like TA say That Im a crazy mouth back from around the way Since I was a youth, I smoked weed out Now Im the mouth back that yea read about Thats what the hell I do, you dont like how Im living Well buck you!. Gangs, Gangs!Thats what theyre yelling Its not about a salary, its all about reality KIRKS One Hoping you sophisticated motherless hear what I have to say This part of the song portrays the gan gs life that Ice Cube and his fellow band members undertook. It clearly represents what the tragic trinity of hustling, which is the criminal lifestyle of the Black Man. However he had the ability to take that negative image and make money out of it and to become one of the pioneer of gangster rap music.In the early ass, a new philosophy of hustling emerged in the poor streets of black communities in the United States, the thug life. The thug life movement was introduced and put into practice by Outpace Shaker. Growing up in the poor neighborhoods of New York and belonging to a family of Black Panthers pioneers, he quickly understood that his life as a young African American in a restrictive and mainstream society wouldnt be easy (Edwards, 2002) Unlike any other rappers of his generation, he was aware and was involved at an early age in the Black political movement working against the oppression of the White America.It is by the aid of hip hop and by internalizing the identity of the black gangs, that he found a solution to overcoming the str uggle, poverty and misery faced by minorities community but mostly the Black African Americans. The thug life was a way of coping the injustice inflicted in the black community. It was an acceptance of the terms of society by adopting a lifestyle that will allow them to succeed against all odds ( Stanford, 2011). In other words, thugs refers to those living the difficult experience of the ghetto life, but trying to compensate their suffering through illegal assure of action.Outpace understood that in order to create at Black Power, it is by the aid of those people who uses illegitimate mean to survive and seen as deviant in society. Like the lyrics of his song Changes suggests: We goat make a change Its time for us as a people to start making some changes. Lets change the way we eat, lets change the way we live and lets change the way we treat each other. You see the old way wasnt working so its on us to do what we goat do, to survive Outpace reinforced the idea of a collective act as a back up plan for survival.We need to move away from the violent lifestyle that is killing our people who are experiencing the same suffering. Instead we have to build a community of thugs who share the same background and if they could come to an understanding, the hustler for a better living will come true. This is why Outpace suggested we should follow a code of thug life that is designated to politicized gang members or others activist to oppose the racist and economic oppression and to come to a better way of hustling by working together to improve community hardship (Stanford, 2011). Hustling was huge phenomenon that topped the chart of the U. S Billboard music chart in 2006. Powerful Miami drug dealer, turned himself into a gangs rapper and through his song, he promoted his lifestyle of hustling as a drug dealer. Every day Im hustling, Everyday Im hustling is well represented in the music video and gives us a broader view of what hustling consists of. In the beginning of the video, we see Rick Ross drive passing a woman selling water and another woman selling food from a truck. This moves away from stereotype of the tragic trinity of a black criminal male making an illicit income.However we see women that can be mothers struggling to survive who try to make some extra money. Because these days hip hop is over commercialese, the figure of the black hustler as a gangs or a drug dealer is a sell out and is well fitted in the screen. Rick Ross understood this and managed to portray this aspect of hustling in his first verse of his debut rap song: Who the buck you think you bucking with, Im the bucking boss Seven forty-five, white on white thats bucking Ross I cut me wide, I cut me long, I cut me fat (What) I keep me coming back (What), we keep me coming backIm in the distribution, Im like Atlantic I got them motherless flying cross the Atlantic. .. We see again in this portion of the verse the lifestyle of a black hustler. Rick Ross embodies the inner role or a boss drug dealer who owns a powerful drug business with people working for him which is in the process of making an illicit black economy which is societys views of the black hustler. As mentioned earlier, hustling is a coping process adopted by the marginalia communities for survival purposes but through this process, a stereotype of the black hustler have emerged from the mainstream society.This stereotype have been passed and fulfilled from rappers to rappers in order to exploit the image and gain recognition or financial mean through it. Then again hustling is a way of life to survive the injustice imposed on the poor communities and rappers have managed to talk freely about it and to promote that lifestyles that some considered criminal and non legitimate. BIBLIOGRAPHY Canton, D. A. (06/2006). The Political, Economic, Social, and Cultural Tensions in Gangs Rap. Reviews in American History, 34(2), 244-257 Edwards, W. (09/2002). From Poetry to Rap: The Lyrics of Outpace Shaker. WesternGarner, L. J. (09/2010). Cant Knock The Hustle: Hustler Masculinity In African American Culture. Protest, 71(3), 943 Stanford, K. L. (01/2011). Keeping It Real in Hip Hop Politics: A Political Perspective of Outpace Shaker. Journal of Black Studies, 42(1), 3-22 APPENDIX A N. W. A. Lyrics Gangs Gangs Heres a little something bout a Amiga like me Taking a life or two Well buck you! This is a gang, and Im in it My man Drexel buck you up in a minute With a right left, right left youre toothless And then you say goddamn they ruthless! Everywhere we go they say [damn! ] N W Ass bucking up that programAnd then you realize we dont care We dont Just say no, we to busy saying yeah! To drinking straight out the eight bottle Do I look like a mouth bucking role model? Too kid looking up TA me Life anti nothing but bitched and money. Cause Im that type o Amiga thats built TA last If yea buck wit me Ill putt foot in yea ass See I dont give a buck cause I keep bailing You, what the buck are they yelling [Chorus:] Hoping you sophisticated motherless hear what I have to say [Verse Two: Ice Cube] When me and my posse stepped in the house Al l the punk-ass inning start breaking out Cause you know, they know haspsSo we started looking for the bitched with the big butts Like her, but she keep crying l got a boyfriend pitch stop lying Dumb-ass hooker anti until but a Dyke Suddenly I see, some inning that I dont like Walked over to me, and said, Hasps? Rene started stomping me, and so did E By that time got rushed by security Out the door, but we dont quit Rene said, Lets start some shot! I got a shotgun, and heres the plot Taking inning out with a flurry of buckshot Boom boom boom, yeah I was gunning And then you look, all you see is inning running And falling and yelling and pushing and screamingAnd cussing, I stepped back, and I kept busting And then I realized its time for me to go So I stopped, Jumped in the vehicle Its like this, because of that who-ride N. W. A. Is wanted for a homicide Cause Im the type of Amiga thats built to last Buck wit me, Ill put my foot in your ass See I dont give a buck, cause I keep bailing You, what the buck are they yelling? Hell tell you exactly how he feel, and dont want a bucking thing back [Verse Three: Ice Cube] Homiest all standing around, Just hanging Some dope-dealing, some gang-banning We decide to roll and we deep See a Amiga on Damsons and we creepReal slow, and before you know I had my shotgun pointed in the window He got scared, and hit the gas Right then, I knew I has to smoke his ass He kept rolling, I Jumped in the bucket We couldnt catch him, so I said buck it Then we headed right back to the fort Sweating all the bitched in the biker shorts We didnt get no play, from the ladies With six inning in a car are you crazy? She was scared, and it was showing We all said buck you pitch! and kept going To the hood, and we was fin to Find something else to get into A bum rush, but we call it rat pack On a Amiga for until at allIce Cubes go stupid when Im full of eight ball I might stumble, but I wont lose Now Im dressed in the county blues If you buck wit me, Ill put my foot in your ass I dont give a buck, cause I keep bailing [Interlude: Ice Cube, DRP. Drew] Wait a minute, wait a minute, cut this shot (Man watch goanna do now? ) What were goanna do right here is go way back How far you going back? Way back As we ago ill something like this Slick Rick Heres a ill gangs, short in size A t-shirt and Levies is his only disguise Built like a tank yet hard to hit Ice Cube and Easy E cold running shot [Verse Four: Easy E, MAC Rene]Well Im Easy E the one theyre talking about Amiga tried to roll the dice and Just crapped out Police tried to roll, so its time to go I creeper away real slow and Jumped in the six-of Wit the Diamond in the back, sun-roof top Digging the scene with the gangs lean Cause Im the E, I dont slang or bang I Just smoke motherless like it anti no than And all you bitched, you know Im talking to you We want to buck you Easy! I want to buck you too Cause you see, I dont really take no shot [So let me tell you motherless who youre bucking with] Its not about a salary, its all about reality KIRKS one Hell buck up you and yours, and anything that gets in his way Hell Just call you a low-life motherhoods, and talk about your funky ways APPENDIX B Outpace lyrics Come on come on I see no changes. Wake up in the morning and I ask myself, Is life worth living? Should I blast myself? Im tired of been poor and even worse Im black.My stomach hurts, so Im looking for a purse to snatch. Cops give a damn about a negro? Pull the trigger, kill a Amiga, hes a hero. Give the crack to the kids who the hell cares? One less hungry mouth on the welfare. First ship me dope let me deal to brothers. Give me guns, step back, and watch me kill each other. Its time to fight back, thats what Hey said. 2 shots in the dark now Hues dead. I got love for my brother, but we can never go nowhere unless we share with each other. We goat start making changes.Learn to see me as a brother stead of 2 distant strangers. And thats how its supposed to be. How can the Devil take a brother if hes close to me? Id love to go back to when we played as kids but things changed, and thats the way it is [Bridge w/ changing ad libs] Thats Just the way it is Tithings never be the same awe yeah [Repeat] I see no changes. All I see is racist faces. Misplaced hate makes disgrace to races we under. I wonder what it takes to make this one better place Lets erase the wasted. Take the evil out the people, theyll be acting right. Cause both black and white are smoking crack tonight. And only time we chill is when we kill each other. It takes skill to be real, time to heal each other. And although it seems heaven sent, we anti ready to see a black President, uh. It anti a secret dont conceal the fact. .. The penitentiarys packed, and its filled with blacks. But some things will never change. Try to show another way, but they staying in the dope game. Now tell me whats a mother to do? You goat operate the easy way. l made a G today But you made it in a sleazy way. Selling crack to the kids. l goat get paid, Well hey, well thats the way it is. [Bridge] [Talking:] We goat make a change What we goat do, to survive. And still I see no changes. Cant a brother get a little peace? Theres war on the streets the war in the Middle East. Instead of war on poverty, they got a war on drugs so the police can bother me. And I anti never did a crime I anti have to do. But now Im back with the facts giving me back to you. Dont let me Jack you up, back you up, crack you up and pimp smack you up.You goat learn to hold yea own. They get Jealous when they see yea with yea mobile phone. But tell the cops they cant touch this. I dont trust this, when they try to rush I bust this. Thats the sound of my tune. You say it anti cool, but mama didnt raise no fool. And as long as I stay black, I goat stay strapped I never get to lay back. Cause I always got to worry bout the pay backs. Some buck that I roughed up way back. .. coming back after all these years. Rat-a-tat- tat-tat-tat. Thats the way it is. uh [Bridge till fade:] Some things will never change

Struck by a Car free essay sample

Evaluate a significant experience, achievement, risk you have taken, or ethical dilemma you have faced and its impact on you? To forget about that warm autumn night of my sophomore year can be considered an insurmountable task. A night filled with pain, anguish, yet a glimpse of hope. To me, that night was the turning point of my life. It all began after I was dropped off on a main street in my town, not two hundred feet from a friends house. I dashed across the street as I had done countless times prior. In just one second the familiar sounds of Norwood were obscured by screeching brakes and an ominous thump. Denial immediately began to flow through my thoughts and veins as there no way that I had just been struck by a car. My next coherent memory was that of being dropped off at the hospital by the driver of the automobile who promised to meet me inside. We will write a custom essay sample on Struck by a Car or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He never did. At the emergency room, my brother and mother described me as a â€Å"bloody mess†. A long and arduous night lay ahead for me and my family. Numerous tests conducted. X-rays taken. Suturing of open wounds. A gentle cleansing of the crimson hue that covered my head and chest. Four hours later, the final physical toll upon my body was that of ten stitches to my head, serious abrasions to my back and a hobbled right leg. My mobility had become similar to that of an eighty year old man. Although the accident created physical injuries, it was an epiphany, altering my view of life beyond my years. Instead of seeing death as an abstract idea, it became apparent to me that such an event, even to someone so young, could occur with just one misstep. Death had come too close to knocking on my door that night. Tears of happiness, love and glee were once again found after being lost through years of apathy. A newfound appreciation and love for my family and friends developed after realizing that the accident could have torn me away from them for an eternity. Their devotion and influence became the key factor into molding me into the man I am today. They became the most important part of my life as every moment spent with them was cherished. Without them by my side, depression and hopelessness could have resulted from the accident. Instead, my once strong pessimistic views were transformed to both realism and optimism. I no longer saw my mother in a condescending and hostile manner. My future evolved from short-term, teenage goals to a pursuit of gaining a true and deep appreciation of who I am and who I wish to become. My original cautious self was transformed into an open, articulate and dynamic individual. Who am I? The one question that has fascinated each of us at some point in our lives. It is now with pure conviction, as a result of the accident; I may say I am one step closer to solving that worldwide perplexity. Ironically, a close to death experience can account for my rebirth into a more rounded, mature individual. Death allows one to live as they wish and not by other’s desires.

Feminism has nothing to tell us about the Reality of War, Conflict and Hard, Cold Facts

Feminism has nothing to tell us about the Reality of War, Conflict and Hard, Cold Facts International politics is a vast field; it entails many concepts such as wars, revolutions, global gender inequalities, demands for global human rights, as well as international trade. In order to understand international politics, the focus is usually turned to international relations theory (Griffiths, OCallaghan Roach 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Feminism has nothing to tell us about the Reality of War, Conflict and Hard, Cold Facts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For some duration, the international arena has been majorly controlled by many-centered theories that have attempted to explain global politics. However, this phenomenon changed from the end of 1980s, and at the beginning of 1990s, with the advent of feminism as a theory of international relations. Women became conscious of their role in the global arena. This essay discusses the validity of the statement as to whether feminism has anything t o state about the reality of war, conflict and hard, cold facts. Griffiths, OCallaghan and Roach (2008) state that feminism studies women from a perspective of being subjects of knowledge, but not mere objects; although feminism was studied in other social sciences, the function of gender in the international relations has been practically and theoretically sidelined. In the contemporary study of the discipline, several feminist thinkers have stated their political consideration from gender-blind position, and have been biased towards favoring male gander in the society. Over the last two decades, feminism has cropped up as a major concept in the international relations (Sullivan 2002). The main idea of this feminism drive was to confront the basic biases of the discipline. The move aim was to emphasize the ways where women were separated from the analysis of the country, international political and international economic situation and global security. The beginnings of internal rel ations feminism were associated with a more general ferment in the field, often referred to as ‘third debate’ (Dunne, Kurki Smith 2007). Early feminists challenged the field of the international relationships to examine the level of the reorientation and the level of the understanding of the international politics in case gender were a major category for analysis and synthesis and women’s experiences were part of the matter.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The feminism entered the international relations right at the time when the feminist theory was considered as the one deserving attention in the society. Considering the reasons for the emerging of the feminist theory, the problem of uneven and imbalanced relationships between men and women within the concept of the historical social movement is basic one (Elshtain 1995). Therefore, it ma y be stated that the main idea of the feminist theory in the modern society is to comprehend the current existing social order. Unfairness and tyranny may be considered as the main issues of transformation of the social opinion and its direction at feminism theory (Ackerly, Sterm True 2006). There are many different approaches to feminism as different social schools considered it and believed them to be as liberal, Marxist, radical, socialist, psychoanalytic, standpoint, post-colonial and postmodern. Feminism in international relationships may also be considered within these theoretical traditions. Searching for literature devoted to the problems of feminism, many sources may be considered within liberal points of view, however, looking at the situation in general, making the focus on foreign policy, considering public opinion and analyzing various international relationships from the point of view of the feminism, this movement managed to classify themselves as post-liberals. Addi tionally, many women who take par in the international relationships are sure that hey may be considered at the international arena and should be added to the theoretical frameworks (Dunne, Kurki Smith 2007). Gender is considered as one of the categories for analysis in this case. However, the differences which exist between women themselves may cause the division between two groups or labels, post-modern or post-colonial approaches. The impact of these approaches on women is various as well. There is the problem that many women have focus on the issues and problems in the international relation which bother only female part of the mankind. On the one hand, it is important to protect women from rape, trafficking, prostitution, domestic service and too complicated homework.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Feminism has nothing to tell us about the Reality of War, Conflict and Hard, Cold Facts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, feminists focus only on the aspects they are interested in and it prevents the representatives of this movement to view the general picture and to stress the priorities which may be absolutely different from what feminists consider. At the same time, the importance of the feminists is that they managed to show the life of simple individuals from different angles. Feminists focused their attention not on the society and mankind as a whole, but on separate groups of people and on individuals at the margins of world politics. This diversity of feminist thought should not be considered as the means for the research and analysis in the nature of international relations (Tickner 1992). Being committed to ‘celebration of diversity’ (Sylvester 2002, p. 125), feminists in the international relationships have managed to follow different approaches in their research. Working in this direction, feminist movement challenges the ‘disciplining’ (Sylvester 2002, p. 68) effects of the discipline. At the same time, many representatives of the feminism would vigorously resist such division of the assistance they implement. Instead of identifying the main idea of feminism or developing a set of the beliefs the movement is directed at, it is more important and constructive to show the practical importance and the validity of application of the feminist theories into life (Sylvester 2002). The novelty of the feminism movement and the approach in general has lead to the situation that debates between International Relations feminists have been subdued even though most of the female representatives had absolutely different thoughts and ideas. The self-criticism between different ideas is reduced to minimum and cannot impact the general position of each of the opinions. This may have been contributed by the relative newness of the approach (Sullivan 2002). Therefore, one of the main ideas of feminists in the international relations hips is to make sure that they are heard. Having their principles and ides, they want to create the situation that their approaches and considerations are implemented into life. The shift of focus from women related gender issues to gender in general, took place not only in the literature, but also in the policies that have been geared towards development. However, this move was not without its critics. Sylvester (2002) argues there are some situations when the ‘mainstreaming’ of gender that begun to adopt the term.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, this has created a sort of differences between the intentions of feminists aimed at focusing on hierarchical and unequal relations in the society, and how those intentions were really implemented in the society. In reality, the situation was used for minimizing the political and contradicting character of relationships between women and men in the society (Reus-Smit Snidal 2008). Jabri OGorman (1999) hold that development of the literature sources devoted to women and to the development of the feminism show some noteworthy trends in feminist international relationships. The focus on both sides of gender, therefore, has allowed feminist international relations reconsider the hierarchical structures of imbalance between women and men, the same reasons also allowed the system to consider the women’s subordination. It I impossible to contradict the fact that women are mostly placed on different levels depending of various factors, such as their trace, class, nation ality and geographic setting, at the same time, many women have a definite similarity, the location at the bottom of the socioeconomic scale in all societies (Enloe 1983). For many international relationships feminist theorists, the location of women to the liberal literature on the international economy is problematic as it does not bring out the power structures that are supposed to improve the women standing on the international stage, but it instead covers these structures. This put women at disadvantaged position (Steans 2006). Having examined the feminism theory, does feminism then offers solutions to the reality of war, conflict and hard, cold facts? To answer this query, the relationship between conflict and feminism will be explored. The relation between masculinity and war has been the main idea for feminist research. While the manliness of war cannot be denied as the fact, militaries must toil to convert men into soldiers, to teach them and to prepare them to fight. It is important to remember that the same behavior in the direction of women is considered as something unnatural and the behavior in such a way is considered as not the ‘womanly’ (Tickner 1992). There is one more image of a soldier which offers self sacrifice in order to protect women, children and the vulnerable groups of people in the society. The belief that young males fight to defend themselves, has been a significant driving force for the recruitment of military forces (Risse Simmons 2002). There were times when women were invisible for military services, however, the acceptance of women in the military services in some specific countries make this issue more problematic. Thus, men are unable to ignore women as a fact in the military services. The opportunity and the desire of women to take part in the military services, to participate in the military operations and their presence at the war are the reasons which may place women at the same level with men at the inte rnational arena. Even though military remains a male affair, the presence of women there has changed it. Additionally, public opinion should be considered. Looking at the situation in the Gulf War of 1991 where women died in war, people were really disturbed with the situation and this fact should not be contradicted. Therefore, the presence of women at the war puts them in the situation where they on the one hand, they are motivated by the liberal principle of equality, and at the other hand they are women and they are to be protected. The protection of women and their position as warriors seems incompatible. The presence of women at war is considered differently by various directions in feminism. Liberal feminists believe that equality should be present at everything and they are sure that women at war are exactly what they need to make sure that feminism is flourishing. However, many radical feminists believe that women should reject fighting in men’s wars. In fact, certai n radical feminists claimed that women have a special purpose, they are to bring peace to the world society, therefore, the presence of a woman in the army should have only the peaceful purposes, without wars (Elshtain 1995). Women are fighting for the same rights and attitude as to men. It is important to understand that the presence in the military service and the participation in the war make them equal. At the same time it shows that men are unable to lead wars individually. The presence of women at the war also points at the inability to have a piece. The peaceful development in the international relationships becomes more complicated affair as even women aimed and carrying piece at the society are war directed and want to take part in the military services (Goldstein 2003). However, there are still those women who are aimed at carrying peace in the society. These women want to show their care and maternity feelings. The importance of these women at the international arena is t hat they encourage others for negotiations. Thus, these women give hope to others and it is really important. Performing such function, women place themselves different to men. However, it does not mean that this difference is negative. Women are different from men and trying to show their similarity and equality they are more distinguished and may be considered as unique (Reus-Smit Snidal 2008). Considering the example of the women’s behavior when their peaceful nature served to the settling of the conflicts, the elimination of the nuclear conflict between the powers during the Cold War may serve as a good example as well as the Women’s Strike for peace in the United States in the early 1960s (Sylvester 2002). Defended personal right as mothers women are able to impact the situation in the whole society as it is difficult to imagine the situation when government supports the course to support for nuclear containment (Enloe 1983). There is an opinion that peacefully d irected women and warlike men lead to antagonisms that threaten the validity of feminist projects (Enloe 2000). Sullivan (2002) states that even though peaceful direction of women may impact some decisions, it is unable to change existing gender situation. This allows men to dominate in politics. Still, the gender differences are omitted when meaning support for war (Jabri OGorman 1999). Despite the rise of feminism in the milieu of international relations, there is still a key disparity between academics of international relations in both genders (Goldstein 2003). In conclusion, it should be stated that feminism has much to say about the reality the reality of war, conflict and hard, cold facts. It has been considered that men are more directed at war while women are aimed at peaceful consideration of the situation, still, the desire to remain equal, the feminism movement and culture make the priorities to change. Reference List Ackerly B, Sterm M, True J. 2006. Feminist methodol ogies for international relations. Cambridge: Cambridge Unversity Press. Dunne T, Kurki M, Smith S. 2007. International relations theories: discipline and diversity. New York: Oxford University Press. Elshtain JB.1995. Women and war. Chicago: University of Chicago. Enloe C. 1983. Does khaki become you? The militarisation of womens lives. Michigan: South End Press. Enloe C. 2000. Making feminist sense of international politics. California: California Press. Goldstein J. 2003. War and gender: how gender shapes the war system and vice versa. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Griffiths, M, OCallaghan T, Roach S. 2008. International relations: the key concepts. London: Taylor and Francis. Jabri V, OGorman E. 1999. Women, culture, and international relations. London: Lynne Rienner. Reus-Smit C, Snidal D. 2008. The Oxford handbok of international relations. New York: Oxford University Press. Risse T, Simmons B. 2002. Handbook of international relations. London: SAGE. Steans J. 2 006. Gender and international relations: issues, debates and future directions. New York: Polity. Sullivan M. 2002. Theories of international relations: transition vs. persistence. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Sylvester C. 2002. Feminist international relations: an unfinished journey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Tickner A. 1992. Gender in international relations: feminist perspectives on achieving global security. Columbia: Columbia University Press.

Publishing Should Be About Prose, Not Product

Publishing Should Be About Prose, Not Product Publishing Should Be About Prose, Not Product Publishing Should Be About Prose, Not Product By Mark Nichol When I’m not at my mountaintop hermitage, contorting myself into a lotus position in my capacity as a grammar guru, I do freelance copyediting. I accept just about any project offered to me, but today I rejected an assignment perhaps the first time I’ve ever done so. What was so heinous about the project that this promiscuous peruser of prose turned it down? Well, for one thing, it was a manuscript of an academic book. Not that there’s anything wrong with that except that much is wrong with it. Scholars (or the grad students or ghostwriters they delegate the actual writing of scholarly content to) are notoriously atrocious for their leaden prose and their ignorance of the fundamentals of capitalization, punctuation, and other basic elements of writing. Unfortunately, however, such inept writing is rampant in scholarly journals and academic books usually not only because their publishers seem not to expect or require anything better but also because they either pay copy editors so little that only inexperienced ones need apply or they omit copyediting from the editorial process altogether. In my case, I had done several projects for a company that some scholarly publishers outsource their editorial-production work to, but I was hesitant to take on another assignment. The first problem is that the company pays by the page, not by the hour, which discourages excellence in editing. The second is that the per-page rates for heavy, medium, and light editing are all much lower than the industry standard, and the expected rate of completion is higher. The third is that the company’s assigning editors generally evaluate projects as requiring light editing. With some types of writing much fiction, informal essays, and the like it’s fairly easy to minimize editorial intervention without shame. But when it comes to formal writing that is ostensibly to be held to a high standard, it is painful and stressful (for me, at least) to withhold treatment: I feel like a doctor applying Band-Aids to someone who’s been shot or stabbed or mauled. Nevertheless, I cautiously accepted another project from this company, and I almost immediately regretted it. The writing was not incoherent (as some content I’ve worked on for this client has been), but it was clumsy, and I bristled at the thought of earning half the equivalent of my normal hourly rate to dust the shelves when they needed sanding and refinishing. So I apologetically (but promptly) notified the assigning editor that I was returning the assignment unfinished. Back in the ancient mists of time (the mid-1980s, to be more precise), my first publishing gig was an entry-level job at a San Francisco publisher of humanities books and journals (long since, of course, swallowed up by a megacorporation, but still publishing under its own imprint). In the journals division, we worked meticulously and extensively to transform often-inept writing into prose that was a pleasure to read; one freelance copy editor, in particular, should have had his name on the cover of all the journals he worked on, so extensive was his rewriting (which no writer or journal editor, to my knowledge, ever complained about). Unfortunately, permission to indulge that pride of craft is an exception these days, and much of the trade-publishing industry has similarly compromised its integrity by valuing profit over prose. I’m fortunate to have two trade-publishing clients, one that produces mostly pop-culture titles, including a lot of movie tie-ins that are frothy and fun, and another that puts out progressive, reflective titles about making the world a better place. (And each company, in its own way, is doing great good.) What’s fortunate, above and beyond the fact that I would actually buy and read many of these books I’m paid to edit while they’re in raw form, is that the editors I work with are allowed to take pride in shepherding their projects, and I am in turn respected for my skill and given the time and the freedom to practice my craft with care. (And though the pay is not exceptional, it’s respectable.) Sorry you had to read through all that to get to the writing tip, but I think it’s worth your while. Here’s today’s lesson: If you are fortunate enough to be in a position to have your writing published in a professionally produced manner a book, a magazine or journal, a newspaper, a newsletter, or even on a Web site insist on being accorded the dignity of having it edited with due diligence. That may not be easy to do consistently, at least early in your career, but strive to get to a place where the publisher that agrees to distribute your work is one that will take care to prepare it thoroughly. So much otherwise promising, potentially compelling writing is corrupted by careless editing, or a lack of editing at all. (You’ve all seen books and other publications with writing that could easily have been improved or with embarrassing typographical errors.) Is that how you want the work that you have labored over to be released out into the world? Conduct research on publishers, read their output, and determine which companies take pride in what they produce. Let writers and readers unite to reward publishers that respect producers and consumers of the written word, and punish those that see prose as nothing more than product to move along the conveyor belt with as little expense and effort as possible. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing Prompts 10160 Synonyms for â€Å"Trip†50 Plain-Language Substitutions for Wordy Phrases

Things I Would Mostly Miss about US Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Things I Would Mostly Miss about US - Assignment Example The assignment "Things I Would Mostly Miss about US" presents the opinion of the author regarding moving abroad. The author tells what things he would most miss about the United States of America like the personal interaction, having advanced technology, efficient transport systems, US civil rights, etc.America has a state of art public infrastructure including better roads and offices. Therefore, I would mostly miss efficient transport systems that have no congestions. Security with a more advanced system that limits crime rate. There is crowd civilization in the US in cases of the demonstration when problems arise. US civil rights that are lost once you are in a foreign country. General hygiene high standard levels maintained in the US compared to India. Weather that does not reach an extreme level as those experienced in India. Living away from family and friends who have always been around will be hard. Have American lifestyle that allows wearing of anything.I would feel highly e xcited to learn Indians culture for a better understanding of the people in the country. Learn a new language from the native community during the assignment period. It would be most interesting to develop international friends to improve personal and work profile. Experience working with people from different cultures. Get a large compensational package that comes with working on overseas. Get promotional opportunities through posts available abroad. Receive cheap medical cover from Indian medical centers compared to the US.

Accounting Changes Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Accounting Changes - Case Study Example counting principles like Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) or International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), clerical errors etc (Arens, Beasley, and Elder, 2009). When restatement occurs, particularly out of negative reasons, then the confidence of shareholders is changed and the stock price is reduced. The organization selected for this report is Ener1 which restated its financial statement of December 31, 2010 and March 31, 2011. In order to reflect the impairments of its investment in Think Holdings the company restated its financial statement of December 31, 2010 as the transaction had been previously recorded in the financial statement of March 31, 2011 instead of financial statement of December 31, 2010. In addition to this, the company restated its financial statement in order to record accounts receivables with Think Global and loan receivables including accrued interest with Think Holdings in the period of December, 2011 (The Wall Street Journal, 2011). Also the revenues with Think Holdings and Think Global have to be recorded within the period they have occurred so that the financial statement of the company follows the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). One of the major responsibilities of the management is to reflect the true value of the company in the financial statement and when financial statements are prepared they should reflect the true financial position of the organization (Khan, 1993). Financial statements of Ener1 did not include revenues, accounts receivables and loan receivables during the period within which they occurred and, therefore, the value showed by the financial statement of Ener1 did not reflect its true value. However, it is the responsibility of the management to ensure that the transactions are recorded within the period when they occur. In addition to this, it is important for the management to ensure that the financial statements of the organization are prepared according to the accepted

Non traditional threat to US Essay Example for Free

Non traditional threat to US Essay In my opinion the most pertinent Non-traditional threat to the US is the economy. It is the single most important, globalized, and un-accounted for problem in the US. The current problem is so bad that the US economy is days away from a (partial) default. This would be the first default since possibly the 1700s at the founding of the nation. The problem with this is the US green back is the reserve currency of the world (all or most investments are made in US dollars). If the US defaults it will cause a ripple effect that will make the 2008 global financial crisis look small in comparison to the lobal catastrophe that will occur. The reason most investments are in US dollars is because dollars have historically been the most stable currency in the modern age. The US defaulting on its debts has both internal and external effects. The total of US government debt is over $ 16. 9 trillion. (US Debt Clock) Of that debt, $ 4. 8 trillion is owned by governmental agencies. This includes agencies such as the social security (holds over $2. 5 trillion dollars). Of the public debt, foreign investors own $5. 7 trillion. Keep in mind this is Just the actual government debt; effects of a default would be uch bigger. The US reached its debt ceiling in 2012. The US constitution 14th Amendment, Section 4 directly forbids the government from defaulting on its debt. Thus to cope with the debt ceiling being reached the government has been taking extraordinary measures in order to pay their debts (for instance suspending investments on individual pension funds). When these measures are exhausted, the government will not bring on a global economic collapse as they default on all their bonds. They will Just be forced to balance the economy to match their spending with their collected revenue. This is a very different issue (still with its problems) to a full default. What is important is that a full default is likely to not happen. The brinksmanship between the rogue Republicans and the government would only threaten a technical default on the shortest-dated US government bonds, because their shorter lives mean their maturity date is nearer than the rest of the governments safe assets. The problem here, as ever, is not whether the federal government is able to repay the principle from these bonds, but the short-term methods used to make these repayments. The US treasury would still be seen as a safe investment, albeit in more economically uncertain times, and thus bonds would probably rise in price believe it or not, the US government 10-year bond decreased in price after news that the media reported a default was unlikely. Though we are quick to forget, there have been 17 government shutdowns between 1976-1996 and the debt ceiling is raised almost every year a full default never happens. This brinksmanship is historically common, and it is the media and politicians that fuel the political fire by indicating that this is the year where it will default.

Comparing Roman and Greek Art Essay -- Ancient Rome Greece History Art

Comparing Roman and Greek Art Throughout history art has consistently reflected the cultural values and social structures of individual civilizations. Ancient art serves as a useful tool to help historians decipher some important aspects of ancient culture. From art we can determine the basic moral and philosophical beliefs of many ancient societies. The differences in arts purpose in Greece and Rome, for example, show us the fundamental differences in each culture's political and moral system. The primary objective of Greek art was to explore the order of nature and to convey philosophical thought, while Roman art was used primarily as a medium to project the authority and importance of the current ruler and the greatness of his empire. This change in the meaning of art from Greek to Roman times shows the gradual decline in the importance of intellectualism in ancient western culture. The earliest example of how art reflects the basic moral and philosophical belief systems in individual cultures is seen in the Ancient Egyptian empire. The art of this time was highly idealized and mainly focused on displaying the divinity and importance of the Pharaoh. The most famous examples of this Theocratic influence on art are the Great Sphinx and the Pyramids of Chefren. The massive size and artistic perfection of these works, which were mainly dedicated to expressing the divinity of the Pharaoh, show that Egyptian society was based primarily on mythological law. The highly idealized, mythological style of Egyptian art suggests that Egyptian culture as a whole was not concerned with scientific and mathematical truths. Arts reflection of culture and society extends to the Greek and Roman empires, and shows the import... ... a symbol of the supreme authority he held over his empire. At his feet, a small sculpture of Cupid was carved in an attempt to show Augustus?s divine lineage (Cunningham, 150). Every aspect of this portrait is highly idealized and centered around the greatness and divinity of Augustus. Because little attempt was made to capture the actual physical appearance of the Emperor, this sculpture can not be considered a portrait but more accurately, a profile of greatness. Such works display the political domination and lack of originality in Roman art. The simplification of art during this period reflects an overall simplification of thought and decline in the importance of intellectualism in western culture. Work Cited Cunningham, Lawrence S., Reich, John J. Culture and Values; A Survey of Western Humanties. New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1994.

How Bias Influences Critical Thinking

How Bias Influences Critical Thinking – Week 1 A recent decision that I had to make that involved both critical thinking and a bias was while I was at work. I am in charge of the back office, and often have to deal with patients ordering materials when they come in for their exams, and then not wanting to pay for them, or not understanding their insurance benefits. In some instances this leads to mistakes being made on the offices end, and the patient is either not charged enough or over charged.Either way, when the patient comes to pick up their order they are not pleased with the office and I am left to make a quick decision, but still put some critical thinking into it. The biased that is involved in this decision is the loss aversion, I am usually not looking to gain anything from the situation, but prevent or reduce my losses. The particular situation, a patient ordered a year supply of contacts, was only charged for half the supply though. When they came to pick it up, t he mistake had been caught and the additional charges were applied to their account.They were told multiple times that they had paid in full for the amount discussed, and was aggravated when they now had a balance. In an effort to keep the patient happy, and returning to the office for their supplies in the future, I had to make a quick yet rational decision to reduce the price of the product; covering our cost only, leaving no profit to be made. This made the patient happy, and they remain a loyal patient. My critical thinking was defiantly affected by biased, and I was trying to reduce my losses, rather than focus on making a profit. Chapter 1. Critical Thinking, Pg 14.

Explain why the open war Essay

World War 1 had begun in August with both sides certain that their sudden attacks with cavalry and infantry would create a war of rapid movement, which would bring them a swift victory. The ending of this possibility and build up towards a stationary war of fixed entrenchment was not only due to the failure of the Schlieffen Plan and Plan XVII, but the problems in communications, problems faced through tactics and strategies and the role of the commanders throughout the planning and progression of the war. The possibility of further outflanking movements was gone. The initially hastily constructed trenches of the allied forcers took on a more permanent look as two massive armies consisting of over 4 million men faced each other over 800 kilometres of continuous trench lines from the coast of Belgium to the Swiss border. For the next four years, the rival commanders struggled and blundered in an attempt to find a way to break the stalemate, which had emerged by the end of 1914. In order to break the stalemate there were two major offensives remembered from 1916, which both failed but were attempts none the less. Both sides had become aware that it was easier to hold a defensive position than it was to launch an offensive. However, this did not stop them, launching repeated disastrous offensives, relying on weight of men, artillery and supplies to crumble the opposition through attrition and each side endeavored to weaken the other. The generals decided only a ‘big push’ would be able to break through the enemy lines and restart the war of rapid movement. This was not achieved until the attrition of 1915-18 finally weakened the German lines in mid-1918. The Schlieffen Plan, originally devised by Alfred von Schlieffen, the then German Army Chief of Staff, in 1905, was the German Plan which would they would implement to avoid a war on two fronts. Schlieffen argued that France had to be defeated as soon as possible in the event of a great European War. If that were to happen, Schlieffen realised that Russia and France would be unwilling to continue fighting. In addition, Schlieffen estimated that it would take Russia six weeks to mobilise her forces in preparation for war against them. Thus, he reasoned that Germany would have six weeks in which to defeat France and surrender. On August 2nd 1914 the Schlieffen Plan was put into effect and the German Army began its advance upon France through Belgium. The delicate plan was upset with the early arrival of the British Expeditionary Force under Sir John French, significant resistance by the Belgian Army, resistance of the Belgians and the early arrival of Russian Forces. The German implementations and strategies relied too heavily on the Schlieffen Plan itself. The plan greatly depended on speed and movement, the strict deadline of 42 days was impractical, this unreasonable goal was pushed further away from the Germans. General von Moltke did not follow through the original Schlieffen Plan; instead, he had shifted the numbers of the planned armies and therefore altered the balance for the plan to work. All these events led up to the Battle of the Marne, the first major battle on the Western Front. The French Allied victory at this battle marked the failure of the Schlieffen Plan, and the death of any German hope for a quick decisive victory. The German forces were not only to blame for the reason of stationary war during 1914, the problems with the French Plan XVII also contributed to the fact.

Comparison of Egyptian and Mesopotamian Art essays

Comparison of Egyptian and Mesopotamian Art essays Egyptian and Mesopotamian art share both similarities and differences. For instance Mesopotamian art focused on less monumental structures, while embracing a pronounced literary element that Egyptian art lacked. Because of the constant threat to Mesopotamian societys security, a lot of their architecture created to fulfill the purpose of protection. It was made to impress yet intimidate the visitors to their cities; so as to present themselves as strong people. However Egyptian art wasnt meant as protection, their work mostly represented empowerment and control. This can be seen in their architectural work of places, shrines, and temples. These differences have their roots, partially in cultural differences, as Mesopotamians lacked access to the great stones that Egyptians could import for their monuments. Egyptian also were able to organize laborers to build these great temples, however this was difficult for the Mesopotamians whose soils were constantly under attack. The differences owed something, finally, to different beliefs, for the Mesopotamians were not as concerned as the Egyptians were, with preparations for the afterlife, which so motivated the great tombs and pyramids that have made Egypt and some of the pharaohs immortal in human memory. Comparisons in politics, culture, economics, and society suggest civilizations that varied substantially because of largely separate origins and environments. The distinction in overall tone was striking, with Egypt being more stable and cheerful than Mesopotamia not only in beliefs about gods and the afterlife but also in the colorful and lively pictures the Egyptians emphasized in their decorative art. Also striking was the distinction in internal history, with Egyptian civilization far less marked by disruption tha n its Mesopotamian counterpart. Therefore Mesopotamian art portrayed this insecurity and the attacks they face. In terms of similarities both of th...

How to Set Up Classroom Learning Centers

How to Set Up Classroom Learning Centers Learning centers are places where students can work in small groups within the classroom. Within these spaces, students work collaboratively  on projects that you provide, with the goal to accomplish them in an allotted amount of time. As each group completes their tasks they move to the next center. Learning centers provide children the opportunity to practice hands-on skills while involved in social interaction. Some classes will have dedicated spaces for learning centers, while other teachers who are in classrooms that are smaller and tight on space, may need to be prepared to create makeshift learning centers as needed.  Typically, those that have decided Learning Spaces, will have them located in various spots around the perimeter of the classroom, or in small nooks or alcoves within the learning space. The basic need for a learning center is a dedicated space where children can work collaboratively.   Preparation The first component of creating a learning center is to figure out what skills you want your students to learn or practice. Once you know what to focus on you can determine how many centers you will need. Then you can prepare: The materials needed for each center and place them into separate folders or baskets so they are ready for the students.A list of rules and behavior expectations to present to the students before the centers begin.A sign for each center so the students know which center to go to next.Clearly stated directions for each learning center. It is best to laminate the directions so by the time the last group gets to the center it will still be in one piece. Setting up the Classroom Once you have prepared the learning center activities now it is time to set up your classroom. The way you choose to set up your classroom will depend upon your classroom space and size. Generally, all of the following tips should work with any class size. Groups should consist of a minimum of three students and maximum of five students. This gives children the opportunity to be able to complete tasks on time, and be able to move around the classroom freely.Use all areas in the classroom for centers: Rugs, reading areas, and even outside the classroom door. If youre tight on space, you might group desks together to create individual work areas. These are all examples of a good set-up if you are teaching reading groups or doing a mini-lesson while the students are participating in centers.Organize the materials for each of the learning centers in baskets, folders or totes and place them in the specific learning center space. This will ensure that all of the components of the activity are organized. This also makes it easy for you to clean up and store materials, especially if the activities happen often.  Assign each student to a group and center, then have them rotate through centers as scheduled. You can also assign each group or ce nter a color so the children know where to go to next. Use a countdown clock to help students better manage their time.   After each center is completed, allow time for the students to place the center materials back for the next group. Have a basket where the students put their completed center work. This makes it easier for you to have all of the completed work in one place. Presentation Take time to present the rules and directions for each learning center. It is important that students understand the expectations of each center before letting them go on their own. This way if you are using center time to work with individual students you will not be interrupted. Point out or physically bring the students to each center when explaining the directions.Show students where the directions will be located.Show them the materials that they will be using in each center.Explain in detail the purpose of the activity they will be working on.Clearly explain the behavior that is expected when working in small groups.For younger children, role play the behavior that is expected in the centers.Post the rules and behavior expectations in a place where students can refer to them.Tell the students the phrase you will use to get their attention. Depending upon the age group, some younger students respond to a bell or hand clapping rather than a phrase.

KNOWLEDGE, INNOVATION AND NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT Assignment

KNOWLEDGE, INNOVATION AND NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT - Assignment Example Such information may include those in applications, specific markets and users. Proper harnessing of these information resources, can contribute enormously to making innovation effective in the organization. Also, organizations partner with others to fulfill specific business goals and objectives. In doing so, invaluable knowledge resources can be created. If a structured approach exists for capturing and sharing these resources, it can aid the innovation process tremendously. It must be added that, a structured approach to acquiring organizational knowledge can by itself be self-financing, in that knowledge is an important source of sustainable wealth creation. It is also cost-effective to the organization in the sense that projects that are unlikely to succeed on the market can be identified on time by the structures created and abandoned. Such an approach sharpens the innovative process and thereby increases Institution of the needed structures is only part of the process of making innovation effective in an organization. In addition to that, there must be a well defined strategy and also a supportive culture for the process. It has been estimated that around 30 percent of western consumers would be aged 50 by 2009. Available reports indicate that this age group would like to maintain youthful looks (Pitman, 2006). Hair care products with anti-ageing properties should therefore be appealing to them. Financially, this category of users is more endowed than their younger counterparts and therefore spends more money on such products. Targeting this category of consumers with naturally occurring hair care products should find ready acceptance with them. Developing a natural hair product for this market would require a seven step processes to be followed. These steps are (i) new product strategy development (ii) idea generation (iii) idea screening and evaluation (iv) business analysis (v) product development (vi) market testing and (vii) commercialization. Many manufacturing companies have a clearly defined new product development strategy that defines the role a particular new product is to help fulfill its overall objectives. Such a policy sharpens the focus of the idea generated for the company. This also prevents the company from dissipating its resources on work that does not help achieve its vision and goals. The naturally occurring hair product with anti-aging properties to be developed is strategically consistent with the company's objective of being recognized as an environmentally friendly. The conception of the idea of producing a naturally occurring hair product emerged from desk research. The researcher came across articles that extolled the properties of some hair care ingredients as well as the emerging trends among male adults to maintain their youthfulness. On the strength of these pieces of information, the idea to manufacture a hair product was conceived. Subsequently, several alternative ingredients were explored. Several product ideas

Why have traditional theories of assimilation consistently failed to Essay

Why have traditional theories of assimilation consistently failed to explain the nature of immigrant adaption - Essay Example In order to discuss assimilation further, it is first important to understand the primary reasons as to: why people migrate, the places where people migrate to and the different type(s) of people who migrate. Once we have looked in greater depth at the issues surrounding migration can we then start to understand the theories surrounding assimilation and the reasons why these theories consistently fail to explain immigrant adaption. As Castles and Miller (2009) state: International migration is hardly ever a simple individual action in which a person decides to move in search of better life chances, pulls up his or her roots in the place of origin and quickly becomes assimilated in the new country. Much more often migration and settlement are a long drawn out process that will be played out for the rest of the migrant’s life and affect subsequent generations too. So, if this process is so complex and long lasting why do people do it? People migrate for many different reasons these include economic, social, political and environmental. The term economic migration refers to someone who is migrating for the purpose of seeking employment or better employment opportunities or to improve their financial position. ‘Economic advantage has long been one of the main stimulants to migration – both for the individual workers seeking economic betterment and for the states attracting workers to fill labour shortages and skills gaps. With globalization and the rapid growth in ease of travel, economic migration has become an increasingly significant phenomenon world-wide. The International Organisation for Migration estimates that there are 80 million economic migrants world-wide’ (Economic migration to the EU, 2005). Economic migration is the most common cause of migration. Social migration involves either moving for a better quality of life or to be closer to friends or family where as political migration refers to someone who is migrating primarily because of

Analysis of filmmaking of French critic Andr Bazin Essay

Analysis of filmmaking of French critic Andr Bazin - Essay Example Your film motivated me to criticize over some of main points of your Film which inspired me. I have a very strong feeling on the montage and realism, in my opinion montage is necessary in many cases to make a film influential. I made preeminence between â€Å"those directors who put their confidence in the image and those who put their assurance in reality†. Like as your directorial style reality and everything that can support film such as sound, center of attraction for audience and editing, set what film should be. I admit that, it is mixture that gives nativity to film as an art. I felt that handling of the image by suggestive editing or the dramatic sets stands in such the way of releasing film’s true probability for realism. In my point of view introduction of sound is an essential element to enhance the reality of film as an art form. The introduction of sound reveals an expression of reality that was missing before. The film should blossoms in a delighting and t he environment must be artificial where even the movement of the actor’s sound reflection strained angular shapes of their setting. I would like to say that by using deep focus, you able to cover the whole scenario in one take, the camera remaining inactive; thanks to the depth of field. Dramatic effects were created out of the apparent motion of the actors among a fixed framework which were so fined. You used all the pioneers for a very good reason. Soft focus only seemed with montage. I also admit that it’s hard to make a film free from montage at all. In my sense no matter how film shot, is and always will be a piece of art; because film expresses the thoughts and the feelings of its maker, it can be relatable or less relatable. It can force its message forward in a plain, metaphoric or insidious way the message is still there invariably. The act of making film is already meddling with reality by capturing it a contrived form. I am not against of creativity; I belie ve that realism of cinema gives greater power of creativity. My realism is ultimately personal. You gratify in a great deal of symbolic and emblematic to tell us about your story. The way you used the realistic device of mystifying focus of symbolic effects such like placing a character further into a room to make him seem littler and more unimportant. It is not exaggeration to say that Citizen Kane is incredible shot in any other way but in depth. The uncertainty in which we find ourselves is the version we should put on the film is to it built into the very design of the image. In Citizen Kane I saw a â€Å"Revolution in the Language if the Screen†-one that drifted away the conversations of standard Hollywood storytelling at that time via different techniques, although Citizen Kane didn’t pioneer these techniques but you invested them with new meaning and power. You also used the â€Å"Unity of Image in Space and Time† for maintaining a single shot where as an other film might have required four or five shots. The camera has power to preserve and record real events in time and space by photographic procedure that’s independent of human version. I even found that stimulating challenge to Hollywood artifice in some of the film’s more artificial techniques to avoid the unusual camera angels who revels the ceiling of sets and etc but in Citizen Kane you overcome this problem by extending fabric over sets, creating â€Å"ceiling† that were translucent and sound permeable. In my view Camera is

The Berjaya Beach Resort Tioman Island Marketing Essay

The Berjaya Beach Resort Tioman Island Marketing Essay 1. Introduction The Berjaya Beach Resort Tioman Island in Malaysia is located on the Tioman Island with international standards. The resort is located of the East Coast of Peninsula Malaysia and is spread across 200 acres. This individual paper work will assess the marketing strategies that Berjaya Resort adapted and a structured recommendation on how the resort hotel can improve their performance 2. Porters 5 Force Analysis Porters model determines the competitiveness of an organization using the five different forces and shows how the forces are related. To develop business strategies effectively, organizations must understand and act in response to those forces. (Porter, 1985) Rivalry Among Existing Competitors Competitive rivalry analysis is one of the key areas that business must consider to determine business strategy that firm must adopt and implement continuously over time (Wood, 1994); (Porter, 1985). The hotel business now days are very much competitive. With millions of tourist travels every year, luxurious hotel is the first choice for most tourists. Having numerous competitors in market (e.g. Jampala Resort) the competition between players are intense (Burgess, 1982). For example, foreign tourists are said to having higher buying powers thus will seek for high end luxuries. That works behind the reason why companies constantly compete for better products and attractive prices. In order to be leader is luxurious market, Berjaya Tioman Resort has to offer unique offers (E.g golf course, selection of cuisine) (Berjaya Tioman, 2009). This force is in favor of Berjaya Tioman Resort. Threat of New Entrants Threat of new entrants may consider the ease of new entry, competitive advantages, place and positions, customers, government support etc (Porter, 1985). To open a new luxurious hotel by another firm in Tioman would be quite wasy since there are not much restrictions imposed by local governments. Local government, however chooses to advise the existing hotels to improve their business rather than consider letting bring new competitors. Besides, consumer now days doesnt seek much luxurious hotel; instead they would prefer budget hotel. Thus new entry to comfy hotel business is therefore deep (Nailon, 1982). This force is not in favor of Berjaya Tioman Resort. Threat of Substitute Product and Services This force is said to have much influence in Berjaya Tioman Resort business strategy in recent years. There force includes factors such as product for product substation, need, facilities, budget etc (Reuland, Choudry, and Fagel, 1985);(Porter, 1985). Berjaya Tioman Resort not only requires looking after new entrants as threat but also substituted product and service as a major threat. When there is matter of hospitality, its consumers choice what they chose to take. For example, A lavishness spa may cost few hundreds of Ringgit which may be proven cheapest for similar kind in other dedicated spa shops. For one night stopper, back packers and Berjaya Tioman Resort doesnt have any special prices which usually find their way in budget hotel. This force is against Berjaya Tioman Resort (Burgess, 1982); (Berjaya Tioman, 2009). Bargaining Power of Buyers This force consists of high income, large service provider, low switching cost etc (Porter, 1985). Before economic recession, consumers were having high incomes and seek more luxuries. As there are choices available in the market, Berjaya Tioman Resort has to react very quickly to retain customer intention to be their choice of providing world class hospitality in possible lowest price (Lewis, 1988). Consumers will definitely seek most affordable having all facilities they required and so, hospitality firms have to struggle of adopts the new trends, lifestyle as quickly as possible to offer their loyal customers (Slattery, 1983). However, as there are not much luxurious hotels in Tioman, travelers only limited option is this beach resort. This force is in favor of Berjaya Tioman Resort. Bargaining power of suppliers This force may include switching cost, high purchase cost etc (Porter, 1985). Raw material suppliers play an important role in firms business growth (Tideman, 1983). A foodstuff supplier may not offer todays price tomorrow due of supply shortage (Middleton, 1983). Thus to offer catering to guest, Berjaya Tioman Resort has to purchase the same stuffs in higher prices which will be sum of large amounts of money (Burgess, 1982). If this extra money is to be imposed on guests, this would result Berjaya Tioman Resort loosing business. Besides, switching to another supplier would be a difficult choice too (Edgar and Umbreit, 1988). This force is not in favor of Berjaya Tioman Resort (Khan and Olsen, 1988); (Berjaya Tioman, 2009). From the above analysis of Berjaya Tioman Resorts 5 forces analysis, the diagram below will provide a summary of the firms overall industry analysis. 3. Micro and Macro Environment Strategy Analysis 3.1 Micro Environment Strategy (TOWS Matrix) Strength-Opportunities Strategies Berjaya Tioman Resort hotels have a good reputation in hospitality business and a large amount of customer chain. Introducing low cost packages for travelers will means a true hospitality to the existing customer as well as for new customers (Slattery, 1983). Berjaya Tioman Resorts wide range of services may be available to people of all income level (Edgar and Umbreit, 1988). Strength-Threat Strategies Retain the talented and well managed employees for a smoother business in future could be proven vital (Pfeifer, 1983). Berjaya Tioman Resort should ways perform task variation, and frequent conversation will all employees to prevent dispute. Employee may be shifted to international chains to gain experience so that they would be loyal to the firm (Burgess, 1982). Weakness-Opportunity Strategies High hospitality in low price is definitely a go ahead step Berjaya Tioman Resort could adopt to overcome its weakness (King, 1995). Now that, market is been volatile, Berjaya Tioman Resort may consider leaving high scale profit to high range of customer levels to make its facilities open to all customers (Pfeifer, 1983). For example, golf course facility should be opened to all hotel guests not only for guest who additionally buy the facility. Berjaya Tioman Resort may not loose much amount of money but it would be proven a customer oriented approach (Jones, 1996). Weakness-Threats Strategies Poor customer service (and poor communication problem) has been shouted long as major drawbacks for Berjaya Tioman Resort hotels. Sometimes customer has been given something that is not asking for and has been charged for that said services (Middleton, 1983). Price structure very often is not described to customer before offering thus it brings confusion. In hotel customer services is very crucial to maintain in very high level at always and customer must get the price focus than anything else (Lewis, 1988); (Reuland, Choudry, and Fagel, 1985). 3.2 Macro Environment Strategy (PESTE Analysis) A PESTE Analysis is an analysis of external macro-environmental factor that affects firms business. PESTE is an acronym for Political, Economic, Social, Technological and Environmental issues that influences the strategic development of a business. These issues are different in different locations and thus business firms may adopt different strategies in different countries where it operates to identify the business opportunities as well as threats. This assessment task would consider the worldwide strategy of Berjaya Tioman Resort (King, 1995). Political Political factors include government rules, regulations and legal issues under which the firm must operate and adhere (Nailon, 1982);(Wood, 1994). The issues discussed are environmental regulation and protection, political stability, corporate and consumer taxation, framework for contract enforcement, intellectual property protection, trade regulations, trading partners, anti-trust laws, pricing, mandatory employee benefits, industrial safety regulations, product labeling requirements, competition regulation etc (Edgar and Umbreit, 1988). The political movement can have definite effects on hotel business in Malaysia. For example, if government set a rules under 18 years patrons must be accompanied with parents or guardians, it may result the decrease of young visitors. Imposing high goods and service tax (GST) or similar taxes would prevent more people to visit the hotel more often. By loosing these potential customers, Berjaya Tioman Resort may loose income and may need increase products and services to recover losses. Though Berjaya Tioman Resort groups are committed to use high scale safety standards, Malaysian government rules may not give permission to operate business due to safety reason (like hill, low lying areas) even though there may have choice if business growth (Middleton, 1983). If the government plans to subsidies some of the service it provides (e.g. for disabled or senior citizens), the hotel may gain profits as well as increase services. Thus political actions may have both negative and positive im pact on hotel business (Edgar and Umbreit, 1988); (Berjaya Tioman Resort Worldwide, 2009). Economic Economic factors positively effects hospitality business. It determines how easy or difficult to sustain in a business along with capital, cost, demand, monetary policy, unemployment rates, exchange rates of foreign currencies, tax on exchanges (Wood, 1994). When economic growth is high, consumers income level raises thus demand for hospitality will increase too. Since the recent economic recession started, hospitality business was hit badly and it is yet to recover from the losses incurred. Increase of rates would prevent hotelier to seek for alternative choices (e.g. budget hotel or even home stay). In Malaysia, hotel accommodation prices are not much higher than any other countries around the world. Nevertheless, consumers income level didnt rise up much and they fell the stringent budget allocation for daily needs. Very few people will consider spending holidays in luxurious hotels if they dont afford to. A higher income or wages will allow domestic traveler to get high class hos pitality in high class hotels (King, 1995). Social Social factors are income level, demographics, geographies, life style, education, weather, culture and fashions (Wood, 1994). Social factors can be both opportunities and threats for a hospitality business (Lewis, 1988). Different age or sex of people would require different services (Slattery, 1983). Elderly people demand is not similar to young people. Business people will seek to have more work related facilities (e.g. internet, video conference) while holiday makers would seek more natural touch (e.g. garden, fishing) (Burgess, 1982). Cultural differences are a major play in hospitality business. While local people like crowd and gossip, tourist would seek for quiet and silent place as they plan holiday. Season is also an important factor (Middleton, 1983). Year end and holiday season are peak time for hotel business while therere not much crowd during working days or off-peak season. Most travelers are affected by bad weather and usually dont think for leisure during extreme either condition especially in rainy season (Edgar and Umbreit, 1988); (Berjaya Tioman, 2009). Technological This is the century of technology enhancement; so does business. Aggressive development of technological factors brought rapid growth for hotel business (Slattery, 1983). The factors may include spend on technological research; government effort focus industry based technology, new invention and their impacts, communication alternatives, speed of technology transfer, cost of usage, rate of technological diffusion (King, 1995). Berjaya Tioman Resorts business will mostly depend on technological factors. Customers from around the world is now able to evaluate the products and services provided by Berjaya Tioman Resort through the respective websites, compare prices, seek advice and even can reserve a facility as early as one year prior to arrival. Berjaya Tioman Resort group itself placed much effort to keep the website simple and user friendly so that visitor will not feel difficulty to find any available information. Any latest service or products can reach to millions of customers through the website or communications (Reuland, Choudry, and Fagel, 1985). Providing details of every facility Berjaya Tioman Resort placed itself to the top choice of any search engines. Traveler from any part of the world can communicate in real time with Berjaya Tioman Resort representative and made their choices, payments etc (Burgess, 1982). Besides, for in-hotel customer, Berjaya Tioman Resort offers state-of-the art high speed wireless, video communications, and teleconferencing, to keep guests always in touch with outside world. These services received a bug thumbs up since it was introduced and continuously keep enhancing technology to stay ahead in business (Edgar and Umbreit, 1988). Environmental Environmental factors have been considered important factors for large organizations which particularly operated worldwide (Wood, 1994). This factor includes environmental responsibility, improvement of performance towards sustainable future, guest and team commitment to environments, reuse and recycle materials etc (Khan and Olsen, 1988). As of present days, Berjaya Tioman Resort promised to reduce energy consumption, CO2 emissions and waste output by 20% and water consumption by 10%. These steps ahead will place the firm in lead position and will increase reputation by means (Berjaya Tioman, 2009). 4. Recommendation (SMART Objectives) SMART objectives refer to an acronym for five measures of well marketing growth plan. Often these measures are used to define firms objectives and future goals and evaluation of marketing plan. Specific (What to do? For who? With whom) Any marketing strategy should be specific and certain. Confusion on goals will bring ambiguous results which may prove fatal for a hospitality business like Berjaya Tioman Resorts. Well specified business goals, responsible resources, affected peoples, impact on the firms business should be well defined in this stage (Burgess, 1982). Measurable (Is measurable? How to measure?) Of course, once the marketing plan and objectives are specified, a certain quantity or quality must be assigned to determine the success or failure of the process (Pfeifer, 1983). As an example, for future expansion, Berjaya Tioman Resort plans to expand 50 campaigns in next years. 50 is a measurable amount. So then, if the actual success rate is only 30 campaigns, it can be said that, the plan didnt succeed fully (Khan and Olsen, 1988). Achievable (Can it be done within the resource available?) Future marketing depends upon many aspects specially political, economical and social aspects. If a sudden change on policies, 50 campaigns may not be possible within the said budget. Re- calculation might predict a lower scale of marketing size (Jones, 1996); (Berjaya Tioman, 2009). Relevant (Does this step lead to expected outcome?) Once achievable measurement are defined, Berjaya Tioman Resort must consider whether 50 campaigns would be viable; specially consider the recent economic downturn. In some places, consumer may not afford to get Berjaya Tioman Resorts service; especially poor developed areas where tourism sectors are not blooming, offering a luxury hotel service may not provide desired output (Edgar and Umbreit, 1988); (Berjaya Tioman, 2009). Time-Framed (How much time need to get the objectives done?) Time is a very important factor for any objectives to be proven very profitable or even failure. Timely decision and timely implementation is the crucial mixture of time-frame (Pfeifer, 1983). For any marketing strategy, Berjaya Tioman Resort must choose the right time to go ahead and put a hold when the time is not right (Taylor and Edgar, 1996). When demand competition is high, Berjaya Tioman Resort may offer lower price for customers which may includes unique packages for a limited time (Khan and Olsen, 1988). References Burgess, J. (1982), Perspectives on gift exchange and hospitable behavior, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 1 No.1, pp.49-57. Edgar, R., Umbreit, W. (1988), Hospitality research: re-assessing our strategy, The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, Vol. 29 No.2, pp.51-6. Berjaya Tioman (2009), Berjaya Tioman, last accessed on 28th December 2009, available at http://www.berjayahotel.com/tioman/index.asp Jones, P. (1996), The hospitality industry, in Jones, P. (Eds), Introduction to Hospitality Operations, Cassell, London, pp.1-20. Khan, M., Olsen, M. (1988), An overview of research in hospitality education, The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, Vol. 29 No.2, pp.54-5. King, C. A. (1995), What is hospitality?, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 14 No.3/4, pp.219-34. Lewis, R. (1988), Uses and abuses of hospitality research, The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, Vol. 29 No.3, pp.11-12. Middleton, V.T. (1983), Marketing in the hospitality industry, in Cassee, E.H., Reuland, R. (Eds),The Management of Hospitality, Pergamon, Oxford, pp.51-68.. Nailon, P. (1982), Theory in hospitality management, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 1 No.3, pp.135-43. Pfeifer, Y. (1983), Small business management, in Cassee, E.H., Reuland, R. (Eds),The Management of Hospitality, Pergamon, Oxford, pp.189-202. Porter, M E. (1985) Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, New York: The Free Press. Reuland, R., Choudry, J., Fagel, A. (1985), Research in the field of hospitality, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 4 No.4, pp.141-6. Slattery, P. (1983), Social scientific methodology and hospitality management, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 2 No.1, pp.9-14. Taylor, S., Edgar, D. (1996), Hospitality research: the emperors new clothes?, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 15 No.3, pp.211-27. Tideman, M. C. (1983), External influences on the hospitality industry, in Cassee, E.H., Reuland, R. (Eds),The Management of Hospitality, Pergamon, Oxford, pp.1-24. Wood, R. C. (1994), Some theoretical perspectives on hospitality, in Seaton, A.L. (Eds),Tourism: The State of the Art, John Wiley Sons Ltd, Chichester, pp.737-42.